Thursday, September 29, 2022

Learning Impact Assessment

Name - Chenna Bhavana

Posted from 12/08/2022 to 11/10/2022


Case No - 1 :


32 year old female with swelling of Multiple Joints and Fever 


QUESTIONS AROUND THIS PATIENT :


1. Deflazacort vs prednisolone in autoimmune arthritis? 

A : Clinical studies have indicated that the average potency ratio of deflazacort to prednisolone is 0.69–0.89 and 6 mg of deflazacort is equivalent to 5 mg of prednisolone. However, the therapeutic dosage ratio has been reported to range from 1:1.2 to 1:1.5.
Due to the short pharmacokinetic half-life of its active metabolite, pharmacodynamic effects of deflazacort are of shorter duration than those of methylprednisolone and prednisolone.

Based on the results of seven trials of various design, including double blind cross-over studies, paired patient studies, and between-patient studies involving 160 patients, the potency ratio of deflazacort vs. prednisolone was estimated to be 1.28 by Avioli.5 In fact, the equivalence ratio of deflazacort/prednisolone may depend on the disease [i.e., 1.2:1 in rheumatoid arthritis,6 juvenile chronic arthritis7 and nephrotic syndrome,8 and 1.4:1 in asthma9 and polymyalgia rheumatica.



DISCUSSION AROUND THIS PATIENT -
 

Can this be distal RTA sir ?? 
ABG showing bicarb of 8 
Left renal calculus 
RA??

Also urine ph 6

But abg is showing HAGMA
139-(104+8.7)=26
Na 139
K 3.2
Cl 104

The study of intermediates and end-products of metabolism in the context of immune cell functions is an emerging field that has been termed immunometabolism (Pearce et al., 2013). It is now clear that molecules such as succinate, lactate, acetyl-CoA, fumarate are more than intermediate by-products in metabolic pathways as they function as signaling molecules capable of linking metabolic reprograming with immune and inflammatory responses in immunity, inflammation and cancer (Figure 1; Haas et al., 2016). Whether metabolic perturbations are causal or the effect of the disease and how they can impact on the prognosis of RA is an area of significant current research.

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy–based metabolomics on serum and urine samples from people with RA has identified a metabolic signature of patients with active established RA which differs from that of healthy controls (Young et al., 2013). Among the metabolites investigated 3-hydroxybutyrate and lactate were much higher in RA than in the control group. In addition choline, lactate and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) lipids strongly correlated with CRP a marker of disease activity (Young et al., 2013). This evidence suggests that NMR could be used as a tool to predict the development of atherosclerosis and other metabolic complications often associated with inflammatory disease. 


Points in favour of distal RTA
Abg showing acidosis 
Autoimmune condition
Hypokalemia
Urine ph >5.5
Renal caliculi

And most importantly a similar case report that I have found

Renal tubular acidosis (RTA) is a disorder of renal acidification characterized by inability to acidify urine to pH <5.5 despite the presence of severe systemic metabolic acidosis and hypokalemia. Hypokalemia leads to acute-onset paralysis and may be a presenting manifestation of RTA. Its association with various autoimmune disease has been reported previously in published reports, but has not been much emphasized. We, hereby, report a case of RTA that presented during the flare of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). A 42-year-old female, a known case of RA for 5 years, presented with persistent joint pain for 1 week and acute-onset quadriparesis for 3 days. Primary investigations revealed hypokalemia with metabolic acidosis. She was managed conservatively with potassium supplements and bicarbonate supplements along with steroids and disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs. Such a presentation of renal tubular acidosis in a patient during the flare of rheumatoid arthritis is distinctly rare and previously unreported in published studies.


Definition of bone erosion :


Bone erosion is a radiological term and reflects the fact that imaging is used for detection.10 Erosions are visible on plain radiographs as breaks in the cortical bone surface, and are often accompanied by loss of the adjacent trabecular bone."




Alkali therapy may be used to correct acidosis in patients with distal or proximal RTA .In patients with distal RTA, alkali therapy also corrects for hypokalemia. Alkali therapy with 1–2 mmol/kg/day NaHCO3 or KHCO3 is normally sufficient to equal daily acid production . however, in patients with nephrolithiasis or nephrocalcinosis, the elevated Na+ load with NaHCO3 therapy may cause increased urine calcium excretion, which can precipitate kidney stone formation. In these patients, K-citrate administration is preferable; this will also increase urine citrate excretion and prevent recurrence of kidney stones . Patients with severe hypokalemia should also receive K+ replacement (i.e., with KCl or K-citrate) to prevent further lowering of serum K+ concentrations and symptomatic hypokalemia . Long-term treatment of distal RTA generally requires a combination of NaHCO3 and KHCO3 . Children with distal RTA require sufficient NaHCO3 or KHCO3 (usually 4–8 mmol/kg/day) to maintain normal serum HCO3– concentrations and prevent growth retardation





Anion gap
143-(12.4+103)=27

Delta anion gap=(pt anion gap-normal anion gap)=27-10=17
Delta bicarb =difference between normal and pt bicarb=25-12.4=12.6

If delta anion gap Is more than delta bicarb It means the patient is having both normal and high anion gap

If delta anion gap = delta bicarb patient is only having high anion gap

The pathophysiological mechanism of dRTA in relation to autoimmunity remains unclear. Several reports suggest that autoantibodies against the CAII enzyme [36, 57] or the acid–base transporters are involved in the pathogenesis of dRTA in autoimmune disease





Urine anion gap in our patient is positive(228+15.6-221=26) indicating RTA in our patient

Gastrointestinal bicarbonate losses can be differentiated from RTA by estimating the urine anion gap. Negative urine anion gap indicates increased renal NH4 + production (extrarenal cause for metabolic acidosis), while positive gap suggests RTA





For adults, normal urine potassium values are generally 20 mEq/L in a random urine sample and 25 to 125 mEq per day in a 24 hour collection.


This is because the urine K+ should have been much lower for that hypokalemia and this is classically "pseudonormal". Same like with normal PTH in hypercalcemia is abnormal


Case No - 2 :


45 year old male with Shortness of Breath and Abdominal pain


QUESTIONS AROUND THIS PATIENT:

1. What is the Cause of his Septic Shock?

A : If you look at his AKI you can better explain it with a biliary sepsis than with adrenocortical insufficiency

2. How does the Septic shock leads to Adrenocortical Insufficiency? 

A : In patients with severe sepsis, numerous factors predispose to glucocorticoid insufficiency, including drugs, coagulation disorders and inflammatory mediators. These factors may compromise the hypothalamic–pituitary axis (i.e. secondary adrenal insufficiency) or the adrenal glands (i.e. primary adrenal failure), or may impair glucocorticoid access to target cells (i.e. peripheral tissue resistance).



3. We see septic shock everyday. How many develop adrenal insufficiency?

A : On the other hand, the prevalence and diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency (AI) in critically ill patients remain controversial. AI is estimated to occur at the rate of 25%-40% in the patient with septic shock (5), depending on the diagnostic test and the threshold applied for the diagnosis of AI.

Case No - 3 :


 40 year old male with Flank pain, Decreased urine output and Burning Micturition


Questions to be explored :

1. Didn't his first operating surgeons notice a PUJ when they operated on his ten years back?

2. Are his Renal calculi due to his Metabolic syndrome? 


OT outcome:


As Patient shifted to OT he was catheterised sir. Immediately 300ml of PUS drained into urobag. Then started with incision. Intra op they found few adhesions and pus in the kidney. So did nephrectomy and now patient is stable sir. 2 units of blood given intraoperatively. 

Case No - 4 :


26 year old Female with Fever and Heavy Menstrual Bleeding 


1. Can a Dengue patient present with Heavy Menstrual Bleeding? 


A : In sexually active women, dengue can co-present with menstruation and this can lead to severe dysmenorrhea and excessive menstrual bleeding. 


Case No - 5 :


50 year old Male with Fever, Loose stools and Vomiting 


Case No - 6 :


41 year old Female with Fever and Burning Micturition 






My Learning Experience:

During Units Duty :

* Learned to Insert Foley's Catheter for a patient under the Guidance Dr.Sai Charan (PGY3) on my Duty day in the Casualty. 
* Inserted Foley's Catheter for Patients in AMC and ICU. 
* Learned to Insert Ryle's tube under the guidance of Dr.Sai Charan (PGY3) on my duty day in the Casualty. 
* Inserted Ryle's tube for patients in AMC and ICU. 
* Learned to take ABG sample under the Guidance of Dr. Sai Charan (PGY3) on my duty day in the Casualty. 
* Took ABG samples for patients in Ward,ICU,Casualty and AMC
* Took Venous samples for the routine investigations in Casualty,AMC,Ward and ICU. 
* Learned to do CPR. 
* Learned to Perform Lumbar Puncture. 
* Learned the Blood Transfusion Procedure. 


During ICU Duty :

* Inserted Foley's Catheter for a patient in ICU Bed NO.6 and ICU bed NO.2.
* Inserted Ryle's tube for a patient in ICU Bed NO.1.
* Took Many ABG samples.
* Did CPR. 
* Assisted in the Intubation of a Patient in ICU Bed NO.6.


During Nephrology Duty :

* Assited Dr.Nishitha (PGY1) and Dr.Shashikala (PGY3) in the insertion of Central Line and also Applied Sutures Twice. 




* Took ABG samples for patients in the CKD ward. 


During Ward Duty :

* Took ABG samples for patients in the ward.
* Placed a IV cannula for a patient in the ward. 
* Took Venous samples for Routine Investigations of the Patients. 

Case Presentations :

* Presented a case of 45 year old Male with Shortness of Breath and Abdominal Pain under Dr.Sai Charan (PGY3) and Dr.Pavan kumar (PGY1) on 16/08/2022.


* Presented a case of 40 year old Male with Flank pain, Decreased urine output and Burning Micturition on 26/09/2022.



40 year old male with Flank Pain, Decreased urine output and Burning Micturition

This is an online E log book to 

discuss our patient's de-identified 

health data shared after taking 

his /her/Guardian's signed informed 

consent. 



Here, we discuss our individual 

Patient's problems through series of 

inputs from available global online 

Community of experts with an aim to 

solve those Patient's clinical 

problems with collective current 

evidence based inputs.



This E log also represents my

patient centered online learning 

portfolio and valuable inputs on 

Comment box is welcome.



Case Discussion :


I have been given this case to solve in an order to attempt to understand the topic of PATIENT CLINICAL DATA ANALYSIS to develop my competency in reading and comprehending clinical data including History, Clinical findings, Investigations and come up with a Diagnosis and Treatment plan.


A 42 year old male, Resident of West Bengal and shopkeeper by occupation came to the Hospital with the chief complaints of 

* FLANK PAIN SINCE 15 DAYS
* BURNING MICTURITION SINCE 15 DAYS
* DECREASED URINE OUTPUT SINCE 15 DAYS 


HISTORY OF PRESENT ILLNESS:

* Patient was apparently asymptomatic 10 years back then he developed pain in the lower abdomen and lower back, so he went to local Hospital and was investigated and diagnosed to have Renal Calculi for which the surgery was done. 
* Then he was asymptomatic for 5 years and since the last 5 years, he had Flank pain which is of of ragging type, present on the left lumbar region, specifically over the scar of the surgery, radiating to the entire abdomen, The pain is insidious in onset and gradually increases in severity over 1-2 hours.and Burning Micturition for which he came to our hospital and used medication for 4 years.
* Had similar complaints since the last 5 months and went to local hospital and was treated symptomatically.
* 15 days back, he had pain in the left flank which is continuous , burning type , aggravated on vomiting and relieved by rest, No diurnal variation and is associated with nausea.
* He also had Burning Micturition, decreased urine output  since 15 days. 

HISTORY OF PAST ILLNESS:

* He underwent surgery for Renal calculi in 2012.

* History of Similar Complaints in the Past.

* Not a Known Case of Hypertension,DM, Asthma, Epilepsy, Coronary Artery Disease.


PERSONAL HISTORY:

Diet - Mixed

Appetite - DECREASED 

Sleep - DISTURBED 

Bowel movements - REGULAR 

Bladder Movements - DECREASED 

 Addictions - NONE


TREATMENT HISTORY :

Prescribed 5 years ago 

1. TAB.NITROFURANTOIN 100 mg / PO / BD FOR 2 weeks
2. SYP. ASCORYL 10 ml  / PO / BD
3. SYP. CITRALKE 10 ml in 400 ml of water 
4. TAB. MVT / PO / OD
The patient continued taking this medication for 4 years every time he experienced an episode.

Prescribed 4 months ago 

1. TAB. NITROFURANTOIN 100 mg / PO / BD FOR  5 dayS
2. TAB. PANTOP 40 MG / PO / OD for 5 days
3. TAB. DROTIN 1 / SOS
4. SYP. ALKASOL 15 ml for 7 days, with water. 

FAMILY HISTORY :

Not significant

PHYSICAL EXAMINATION :

A. General Examination 

* Patient is conscious, coherent and co-operative and lying on the bed. 

* He is well oriented to time, place and person.

* He is moderately nourished.

Pallor - Absent 

Icterus - Absent 

Clubbing - Absent

Cyanosis - Absent

Lymphadenopathy - Absent

Edema - Absent

VITALS AT THE TIME OF ADMISSION :

Temperature - AFebrile

Pulse Rate - 82 BPM

Blood Pressure - 110/70 mm Hg

Respiratory Rate - 20 CPM

SPO2 - 99% at Room Air 

Random Blood Sugar - 90 mg/dl

Systemic Examination :

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM - S1 and S2 present, No murmurs

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM - BAE +

PER ABDOMEN - Soft and TENDERNESS IN THE LEFT LUMBAR REGION
*  Scaphoid shaped abdomen ,
*  Scar of previous surgery 
*  No free fluid or palpable mass present,
*  No organomegaly .

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM - E4V5M6, HMF +

14 / 09 / 2022 :

Provisional Diagnosis:

Renal calculi  ( post surgery status 10 years) with ? URINARY TRACT INFECTION

TREATMENT:

1. TAB.NITROFURANTOIN 100 mg / PO / BD
2. TAB. PANTOP 40 MG / PO / OD
3. TAB. ZOFER 4 MG / PO / BD
4. TAB. MVT /PO /OD
5. TAB. ULTRACET /PO /QID ( 1/2 TAB)


15 / 09 / 2022 :

ADMITTED ON 14/09/2022

15/09/2022

S: Complaints of Flank pain, decreased urine output and Burning Micturition 

O:
Patient is conscious,coherent and cooperative 
BP - 110/80 mm Hg
PR - 78 bpm
Temp- afebrile 
spo2 - 99% on RA
CVS-S1,S2 +,no added sounds heard
R/S-BAE+,clear
P/A-soft ,  TENDER IN THE LEFT LUMBAR REGION
CNS-NAD

A : NEPHROLITHIASIS WITH RECURRENT URINARY TRACT INFECTION 

P:
1. TAB. ULTRACET 1/2 TAB /PO/QID


16 / 09 / 2022 :

ADMITTED ON 14/09/2022

16/09/2022

S: Complaints of Flank pain, decreased urine output and Burning Micturition 

O:
Patient is conscious,coherent and cooperative 
BP - 110/70 mm Hg
PR - 74 bpm
Temp- afebrile 
spo2 - 99% on RA
CVS-S1,S2 +,no added sounds heard
R/S-BAE+,clear
P/A-soft , TENDER IN THE LEFT LUMBAR REGION
CNS-NAD

A : HYDRONEPHROSIS OF LEFT KIDNEY WITH RECURRENT URINARY TRACT INFECTION 

P:
1. TAB. ULTRACET 1/2 TAB /PO/QID

17 / 09 / 2022 : 

ADMITTED ON 14/09/2022

17/09/2022

S: Complaints of Flank pain, decreased urine output and Burning Micturition 

O:
Patient is conscious,coherent and cooperative 
BP - 120/80 mm Hg
PR - 76 bpm
Temp- afebrile 
spo2 - 99% on RA
CVS-S1,S2 +,no added sounds heard
R/S-BAE+,clear
P/A-soft , TENDER IN THE LEFT LUMBAR REGION
CNS-NAD

A : HYDRONEPHROSIS OF LEFT KIDNEY WITH RECURRENT URINARY TRACT INFECTION 

P:
1. TAB. ULTRACET 1/2 TAB /PO/QID


18 / 09 / 2022 :

ADMITTED ON 14/09/2022

18/09/2022

S: Complaints of Flank pain, decreased urine output and Burning Micturition 

O:
Patient is conscious,coherent and cooperative 
BP - 110/70 mm Hg
PR - 96 bpm
Temp- afebrile 
spo2 - 99% on RA
CVS-S1,S2 +,no added sounds heard
R/S-BAE+,clear
P/A-soft , TENDER IN THE LEFT LUMBAR REGION
CNS-NAD

A : HYDRONEPHROSIS OF LEFT KIDNEY WITH RECURRENT URINARY TRACT INFECTION 

P:
1. TAB. ULTRACET 1/2 TAB /PO/QID

19 / 09 / 2022 :


ADMITTED ON 14/09/2022

19/09/2022

S: Complaints of Flank pain, decreased urine output and Burning Micturition 

O:
Patient is conscious,coherent and cooperative 
BP - 110/80 mm Hg
PR - 92 bpm
Temp- afebrile 
spo2 - 99% on RA
CVS-S1,S2 +,no added sounds heard
R/S-BAE+,clear
P/A-soft , TENDER IN THE LEFT LUMBAR REGION
CNS-NAD

A : HYDRONEPHROSIS OF LEFT KIDNEY WITH RECURRENT URINARY TRACT INFECTION 

P:
1. TAB. ULTRACET 1/2 TAB /PO/QID

20 / 09 / 2022 :


ADMITTED ON 14/09/2022

20/09/2022

S: Complaints of Flank pain, decreased urine output and Burning Micturition 

O:
Patient is conscious,coherent and cooperative 
BP - 130/90 mm Hg
PR - 74 bpm
Temp- afebrile 
spo2 - 99% on RA
CVS-S1,S2 +,no added sounds heard
R/S-BAE+,clear
P/A-soft , TENDER IN THE LEFT LUMBAR REGION
CNS-NAD

A : HYDRONEPHROSIS OF LEFT KIDNEY WITH RECURRENT URINARY TRACT INFECTION 

P:
1. TAB. ULTRACET 1/2 TAB /PO/QID
2. 4th HOURLY TEMP MONITORING 

21 / 09 / 2022 :



ADMITTED ON 14/09/2022

21/09/2022

S: Complaints of Flank pain, decreased urine output and Burning Micturition 

O:
Patient is conscious,coherent and cooperative 
BP - 130/80 mm Hg
PR - 80 bpm
Temp- afebrile 
spo2 - 99% on RA
CVS-S1,S2 +,no added sounds heard
R/S-BAE+,clear
P/A-soft , TENDER IN THE LEFT LUMBAR REGION
CNS-NAD

A : HYDRONEPHROSIS OF LEFT KIDNEY WITH RECURRENT URINARY TRACT INFECTION 

P:
1. TAB. ULTRACET 1/2 TAB /PO/QID
2. 4th HOURLY TEMP MONITORING 


Plan for NEPHRECTOMY 


23 / 09 / 2022  :


23/09/2022

S: Complaints of Flank pain, decreased urine output and Burning Micturition 

O:
Patient is conscious,coherent and cooperative 
BP - 130/80 mm Hg
PR - 80 bpm
Temp- afebrile 
spo2 - 99% on RA
CVS-S1,S2 +,no added sounds heard
R/S-BAE+,clear
P/A-soft , TENDER IN THE LEFT LUMBAR REGION
CNS-NAD

A : HYDRONEPHROSIS OF LEFT KIDNEY WITH RECURRENT URINARY TRACT INFECTION 

P:
1. TAB. ULTRACET 1/2 TAB /PO/QID
2. 4th HOURLY TEMP MONITORING 


24 / 09 / 2022 :

ADMITTED ON 14/09/2022

24/09/2022

S: Complaints of Flank pain, decreased urine output and Burning Micturition 

O:
Patient is conscious,coherent and cooperative 
BP - 110/80 mm Hg
PR - 84 bpm
Temp- afebrile 
spo2 - 99% on RA
CVS-S1,S2 +,no added sounds heard
R/S-BAE+,clear
P/A-soft , TENDER IN THE LEFT LUMBAR REGION
CNS-NAD

A : HYDRONEPHROSIS OF LEFT KIDNEY WITH RECURRENT URINARY TRACT INFECTION 

P:
1. TAB. ULTRACET 1/2 TAB /PO/QID
2. 4th HOURLY TEMP MONITORING 

25 / 09 / 2022 :

ADMITTED ON 14/09/2022

25/09/2022

S: Complaints of Flank pain, decreased urine output and Burning Micturition 

O:
Patient is conscious,coherent and cooperative 
BP - 120/90 mm Hg
PR - 94 bpm
Temp- afebrile 
spo2 - 99% on RA
CVS-S1,S2 +,no added sounds heard
R/S-BAE+,clear
P/A-soft , TENDER IN THE LEFT LUMBAR REGION
CNS-NAD

A : HYDRONEPHROSIS OF LEFT KIDNEY WITH RECURRENT URINARY TRACT INFECTION 

P:
1. TAB. ULTRACET 1/2 TAB /PO/QID
2. 4th HOURLY TEMP MONITORING 

26 / 09 / 2022 :


Shifted to Urology male ward for NEPHRECTOMY surgery on 27/09/2022

28 / 09 / 2022 :



DISCUSSION AROUND THIS PATIENT:

[9/27, 3:05 PM] Rakesh Sir GM: @⁨Dr Deepika Ma'am Med PG⁩ Please share the image of the stones and kidney removed today for our current patient with recurrent nephrolithiasis where a 5th semester student contributed his A+ blood
[9/27, 3:06 PM] Rakesh Sir GM: @⁨Dr. Charan Sir Med PG : Please share the outcome of the OT asap
[9/27, 3:37 PM] Dr. Charan Sir Med PG: As Patient shifted to OT he was catheterised sir. Immediately 300ml of PUS drained into urobag. Then started with incision. Intra op they found few adhesions and pus in the kidney. So did nephrectomy and now patient is stable sir. 
2 units of blood given intraoperatively
[9/27, 3:46 PM] Rakesh Sir GM: Images? Stone and removed kidney?
[9/27, 4:07 PM] Rakesh Sir GM: We need to give the Stone for analysis if we want to find out the reason for his recurrent stone formation which we missed doing in 2012 because of which we now had to remove his entire kidney.
[9/27, 4:17 PM] Rakesh Sir GM: What is the fluid is it all oil?
[9/27, 4:17 PM] Rakesh Sir GM: What about the stone?
[9/27, 4:22 PM] Dr. Charan Sir Med PG: Sir they resected kidney along with stone sir. Stone is inside the kidney and sending lab sir. 
@⁨Dr. Pavan Sir Med PG⁩ 
@⁨Dr Bharat Sir Med PG⁩ please coordinate with pathology team and follow up please
[9/27, 4:26 PM] Rakesh Sir GM: Ask the pathology team if they shall analyse the stones. Ask the biochemistry madam Dr Chandana if she can analyse it for us and if she needs any other equipment we can try to get it







Learning Impact Assessment

Name - Chenna Bhavana Posted from 12/08/2022 to 11/10/2022 http://chennabhavana.blogspot.com/ Case No - 1 : 32 year old female with swelling...